本文主要介紹 Apache 的實際使用，文中所使用到的軟體版本：Centos 7.9.2009、Httpd 2.4.55，
1、反向代理
涉及到 Https 站點時，安裝 Apache 時需要啟用 ssl，可參考 Apache httpd 入門實戰(1)--概念及安裝，
1.1、被代理站點為 Http 站點
打開 conf/httpd.conf 檔案，修改或新增相應的配置項：
Listen 8080 ServerName 10.49.196.33:8080 LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so include conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf
新建 conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf 檔案：
<VirtualHost *:8080> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common ProxyPass /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe ProxyPassReverse /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe </VirtualHost>
代理地址為 http://10.49.196.33:8080/qwe，被代理的地址為 http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe，
1.2、被代理站點為 Https 站點
打開 conf/httpd.conf 檔案，修改或新增相應的配置項：
Listen 8080 ServerName 10.49.196.33:8080 LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so include conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf
新建 conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf 檔案：
<VirtualHost *:8080> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common SSLProxyEngine On ProxyPass /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd ProxyPassReverse /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd </VirtualHost>
代理地址為 http://10.49.196.33:8080/asd，被代理的地址為 https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd，
1.3、代理站點啟用 Https
1.3.1、生成證書
代理站點啟用 Https，需要使用 OpenSSL 創建證書，
A、生成根證書
openssl genrsa -out ca.key openssl req -new -key ca.key -out ca.csr openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in ca.csr -signkey ca.key -out ca.pem
B、生成服務端證書
openssl genrsa -out server.key openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr openssl ca -days 3650 -in server.csr -cert ca.pem -keyfile ca.key -out server.pem
C、生成客戶端證書
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 1024 openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr openssl ca -days 1500 -in client.csr -cert ca.pem -keyfile ca.key -out client.pem openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.pem -inkey client.key -out client.p12
使用 OpenSSL 創建證書的詳細說明可參考：OpenSSL 介紹(5)--數字證書；這里生成的證書假設都存放在 /home/mongo/ssl 目錄下，
1.3.2、Apache 中配置 Https
打開 conf/httpd.conf 檔案，修改或新增相應的配置項：
Listen 8443 ServerName 10.49.196.33:8443 LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so include conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf
新建 conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf 檔案：
<VirtualHost *:8443> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /home/mongo/ssl/server.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /home/mongo/ssl/server.key ProxyPass /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe ProxyPassReverse /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe SSLProxyEngine On ProxyPass /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd ProxyPassReverse /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd </VirtualHost>
代理地址為 https://10.49.196.33:8443/qwe、https://10.49.196.33:8443/asd，被代理的分別地址為 http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe、https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd，
如果需要驗證客戶端，則配置如下：
<VirtualHost *:8443> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /home/mongo/ssl/server.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /home/mongo/ssl/server.key SSLVerifyClient require SSLCACertificateFile /home/mongo/ssl/ca.pem ProxyPass /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe ProxyPassReverse /qwe http://10.49.196.1:9090/qwe SSLProxyEngine On ProxyPass /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd ProxyPassReverse /asd https://10.49.196.1:9091/asd </VirtualHost>
2、負載均衡
打開 conf/httpd.conf 檔案，修改或新增相應的配置項：
Listen 8080 ServerName 10.49.196.33:8080 LoadModule watchdog_module modules/mod_watchdog.so LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so LoadModule proxy_balancer_module modules/mod_proxy_balancer.so LoadModule proxy_hcheck_module modules/mod_proxy_hcheck.so LoadModule slotmem_shm_module modules/mod_slotmem_shm.so LoadModule lbmethod_byrequests_module modules/mod_lbmethod_byrequests.so LoadModule lbmethod_bytraffic_module modules/mod_lbmethod_bytraffic.so LoadModule lbmethod_bybusyness_module modules/mod_lbmethod_bybusyness.so LoadModule lbmethod_heartbeat_module modules/mod_lbmethod_heartbeat.so include conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf
2.1、不考慮 session
新建 conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf 檔案：
<VirtualHost *:8080> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common <Proxy balancer://mycluster> BalancerMember http://10.49.196.1:9090 loadfactor=2 BalancerMember http://10.49.196.2:9090 loadfactor=3 timeout=3 ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests </Proxy> ProxyPass /xyz balancer://mycluster/xyz ProxyPassReverse /xyz balancer://mycluster/xyz </VirtualHost>
lbmethod：負載均衡演算法
lbmethod=byrequests：按請求次數負載均衡
lbmethod=bytraffic：按流量負載均衡
lbmethod=bybusyness：按繁忙程度(掛起的請求數)負載均衡
lbmethod=heartbeat：按心跳數負載均衡
loadfactor：負載因子；timeout：超時時間，單位為秒，
代理地址為 http://10.49.196.33:8080/xyz，被代理的地址為 http://10.49.196.1:9090/xyz、http://10.49.196.2:9090/xyz，
2.2、session 粘滯
對應有 session 的情況，同一客戶端需要把請求轉發到同一個后端服務，新建 conf/extra/my-vhosts.conf 檔案：
<VirtualHost *:8080> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/abc.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/abc.com-access_log" common <Proxy balancer://mycluster> Header add Set-Cookie "ROUTEID=.%{BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE}e; path=/tsp" env=BALANCER_ROUTE_CHANGED BalancerMember http://10.49.196.1:9090 loadfactor=2 route=server1 BalancerMember http://10.49.196.2:9090 loadfactor=3 route=server2 ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests ProxySet stickysession=ROUTEID </Proxy> ProxyPass /xyz balancer://mycluster/xyz ProxyPassReverse /xyz balancer://mycluster/xyz </VirtualHost>
Header add Set-Cookie：設定名稱為 ROUTEID 的 cookie
ProxySet stickysession=ROUTEID：根據 cookie ROUTEID 的值路由到相應的后端服務
2.3、failover
<Proxy balancer://myset> BalancerMember http://www2.example.com:8080 BalancerMember http://www3.example.com:8080 loadfactor=3 timeout=1 BalancerMember http://spare1.example.com:8080 status=+R BalancerMember http://spare2.example.com:8080 status=+R BalancerMember http://hstandby.example.com:8080 status=+H BalancerMember http://bkup1.example.com:8080 lbset=1 BalancerMember http://bkup2.example.com:8080 lbset=1 ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests </Proxy> ProxyPass "/images/" "balancer://myset/" ProxyPassReverse "/images/" "balancer://myset/"
A、http://www2.example.com:8080 或 http://www3.example.com:8080 不可用時，才會把流量分配給 http://spare1.example.com:8080 和 http://spare2.example.com:8080，一個備用的節點會替換一個不可用的節點，
B、當 http://www2.example.com:8080、http://www2.example.com:8080、http://www2.example.com:8080、http://www2.example.com:8080 都不可用時，才會把流量分配給熱備節點：http://hstandby.example.com:8080，
C、當所有 lbset=0(后端節點的優先級，默認為 0；數值越低的，優先級越高) 的節點(正常節點、備用節點、熱備節點)都不可用時，才會把流量分配給備份節點：http://bkup1.example.com:8080 和 http://bkup2.example.com:8080，
2.4、負載均衡管理器
<VirtualHost *:8080> ... <Location "/balancer-manager"> SetHandler balancer-manager Require ip 10.49.196.35 </Location> ... </VirtualHost>
Require ip：設定可用訪問負載均衡器的 ip，
通過負載均衡管理頁面(http://10.49.196.33:6060/balancer-manager)可以查看負載均衡的配置和狀態，還可以在頁面上直接修改配置，
參考：https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/reverse_proxy.html，
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